2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine - aldehydes and ketones react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form yellow to red precipitate of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones

Adsorbent - a substance which allows the atoms, ions or molecules of gas, liquid or dissolved solids to be adhered onto its surface; the stationary phase in column chromatography is an example

Air condenser - used for the distillation of compounds with boiling points higher than 140 °C

Aspirator - when filtering under reduced pressure the Buchner flask is connected to a water trap, which is in turn connected to an aspirator for suction purpose 

Buchner flask and funnel - used to filter off solid crystals from a solution under reduced pressure

Chromatogram - the resulting chromatography paper after separating the components with the developing solvent

Chromatography - a technique to separate a complex mixture of substances based on the principle that the components have different tendencies to adsorb onto a surface or dissolve in a solvent

Column chromatography - a chromatographic technique which commonly uses alumina or silica gel packed in a vertical glass column as the stationary phase and a solvent as the mobile phase

Developing solvent - the solvent used as the mobile phase in paper chromatography or thin layer chromatography

Distillation - the method to separate the crude liquid product from a mixture of unreacted reagents and by-products

Eluent / eluting solvent - the mobile phase / solvent used during elution

Elution - the process in which the mobile phase passes through the stationary phase inside the column during chromatographic separations

Fractional distillation - the method used to separate a mixture of miscible liquids, providing that the boiling points of the liquids are not too close

Fractionating column - an apparatus packed with glass beads, providing a larger surface area for condensation and vaporization of the liquid mixture separated in fractional distillation

Iodoform - triiodomethane (iodoform) is formed in an iodoform test, which is used mainly for the identification of ketones with a methyl group attached to the carbonyl group

Liquid-liquid extraction - the method to extract products of carbon compounds obtained in an aqueous solution with ionic impurities

Lucas reagent - a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid

Mobile phase - all chromatographic methods require two different phases: a stationary phase which remains stationary and a mobile phase which moves over or through the stationary phase; each component accordi

Paper chromatography - a chromatographic technique suitable for separating small amount of components in a mixture and for finding out what these components are

Re-crystallization - the method used to purify a solid product when the solid product dissolves readily in a hot solvent but is much less soluble when the solvent cools down

Retention ratio - the distance a component travels relative to the solvent 

Separating funnel - the apparatus used in liquid-liquid extraction

Stationary phase - all chromatographic methods require two different phases: a stationary phase which remains stationary and a mobile phase which moves over or through the stationary phase; each component acc

Thin layer chromatography - a chromatographic technique similar to paper chromatography, except that the stationary phase is a fine layer of alumina or silica gel coated evenly onto a glass plate

Tollens' reagent - an aqueous solution of silver nitrate in ammonia