Notice (8): Undefined variable: title [APP/views/elements/breadcrumb.ctp, line 49]
Code | Context
$___viewFn = "/home/jingkungco/domains/chem.jingkung.com/public_html/chi/app/views/elements/breadcrumb.ctp" $___dataForView = array( "controller" => "NewsCats", "slist" => array( array(), array(), array(), array(), array() ), "ilist" => array( array() ), "cat_detail" => array( "NewsCat" => array() ), "cat_id" => "2", "menus" => array( array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array(), array() ), "html" => HtmlHelper HtmlHelper::$tags = array HtmlHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" HtmlHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" HtmlHelper::$params = array HtmlHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" HtmlHelper::$data = NULL HtmlHelper::$_crumbs = array HtmlHelper::$__docTypes = array HtmlHelper::$helpers = NULL HtmlHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" HtmlHelper::$themeWeb = NULL HtmlHelper::$plugin = NULL HtmlHelper::$namedArgs = NULL HtmlHelper::$argSeparator = NULL HtmlHelper::$validationErrors = NULL HtmlHelper::$__tainted = NULL HtmlHelper::$__cleaned = NULL HtmlHelper::$_log = NULL, "javascript" => JavascriptHelper JavascriptHelper::$useNative = true JavascriptHelper::$enabled = true JavascriptHelper::$safe = false JavascriptHelper::$tags = array JavascriptHelper::$_blockOptions = array JavascriptHelper::$_cachedEvents = array JavascriptHelper::$_cacheEvents = false JavascriptHelper::$_cacheToFile = false JavascriptHelper::$_cacheAll = false JavascriptHelper::$_rules = array JavascriptHelper::$__scriptBuffer = NULL JavascriptHelper::$helpers = NULL JavascriptHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" JavascriptHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" JavascriptHelper::$themeWeb = NULL JavascriptHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" JavascriptHelper::$params = array JavascriptHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" JavascriptHelper::$plugin = NULL JavascriptHelper::$data = NULL JavascriptHelper::$namedArgs = NULL JavascriptHelper::$argSeparator = NULL JavascriptHelper::$validationErrors = NULL JavascriptHelper::$__tainted = NULL JavascriptHelper::$__cleaned = NULL JavascriptHelper::$_log = NULL, "form" => FormHelper FormHelper::$helpers = array FormHelper::$fieldset = array FormHelper::$__options = array FormHelper::$fields = array FormHelper::$requestType = "post" FormHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" FormHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" FormHelper::$themeWeb = NULL FormHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" FormHelper::$params = array FormHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" FormHelper::$plugin = NULL FormHelper::$data = NULL FormHelper::$namedArgs = NULL FormHelper::$argSeparator = NULL FormHelper::$validationErrors = NULL FormHelper::$tags = array FormHelper::$__tainted = NULL FormHelper::$__cleaned = NULL FormHelper::$_log = NULL FormHelper::$Html = HtmlHelper object, "fck" => FckHelper FckHelper::$helpers = array FckHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" FckHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" FckHelper::$themeWeb = NULL FckHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" FckHelper::$params = array FckHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" FckHelper::$plugin = NULL FckHelper::$data = NULL FckHelper::$namedArgs = NULL FckHelper::$argSeparator = NULL FckHelper::$validationErrors = NULL FckHelper::$tags = array FckHelper::$__tainted = NULL FckHelper::$__cleaned = NULL FckHelper::$_log = NULL FckHelper::$Javascript = JavascriptHelper object, "text" => TextHelper TextHelper::$helpers = NULL TextHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" TextHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" TextHelper::$themeWeb = NULL TextHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" TextHelper::$params = array TextHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" TextHelper::$plugin = NULL TextHelper::$data = NULL TextHelper::$namedArgs = NULL TextHelper::$argSeparator = NULL TextHelper::$validationErrors = NULL TextHelper::$tags = array TextHelper::$__tainted = NULL TextHelper::$__cleaned = NULL TextHelper::$_log = NULL, "session" => SessionHelper SessionHelper::$helpers = NULL SessionHelper::$__active = true SessionHelper::$valid = false SessionHelper::$error = false SessionHelper::$_userAgent = "" SessionHelper::$path = "/" SessionHelper::$lastError = NULL SessionHelper::$security = NULL SessionHelper::$time = 1745986954 SessionHelper::$sessionTime = false SessionHelper::$watchKeys = array SessionHelper::$id = NULL SessionHelper::$_log = NULL SessionHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" SessionHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" SessionHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" SessionHelper::$params = array SessionHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" SessionHelper::$data = NULL SessionHelper::$themeWeb = NULL SessionHelper::$plugin = NULL ) $loadHelpers = false $cached = false $loadedHelpers = array() $controller = "NewsCats" $slist = array( array( "NewsCat" => array() ), array( "NewsCat" => array() ), array( "NewsCat" => array() ), array( "NewsCat" => array() ), array( "NewsCat" => array() ) ) $ilist = array( array( "news" => array(), "NewsCat" => array() ) ) $cat_detail = array( "NewsCat" => array( "id" => "2", "sort" => "5", "title" => "生活小百科", "icon" => null, "display" => "0", "description" => "<div>趣味化學小「貼士」與知識</div>", "created" => "2008-12-22 16:15:29", "modified" => "2014-08-17 04:39:25" ) ) $cat_id = "2" $menus = array( array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ), array( "Menu" => array() ) ) $html = HtmlHelper HtmlHelper::$tags = array HtmlHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" HtmlHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" HtmlHelper::$params = array HtmlHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" HtmlHelper::$data = NULL HtmlHelper::$_crumbs = array HtmlHelper::$__docTypes = array HtmlHelper::$helpers = NULL HtmlHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" HtmlHelper::$themeWeb = NULL HtmlHelper::$plugin = NULL HtmlHelper::$namedArgs = NULL HtmlHelper::$argSeparator = NULL HtmlHelper::$validationErrors = NULL HtmlHelper::$__tainted = NULL HtmlHelper::$__cleaned = NULL HtmlHelper::$_log = NULL $javascript = JavascriptHelper JavascriptHelper::$useNative = true JavascriptHelper::$enabled = true JavascriptHelper::$safe = false JavascriptHelper::$tags = array JavascriptHelper::$_blockOptions = array JavascriptHelper::$_cachedEvents = array JavascriptHelper::$_cacheEvents = false JavascriptHelper::$_cacheToFile = false JavascriptHelper::$_cacheAll = false JavascriptHelper::$_rules = array JavascriptHelper::$__scriptBuffer = NULL JavascriptHelper::$helpers = NULL JavascriptHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" JavascriptHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" JavascriptHelper::$themeWeb = NULL JavascriptHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" JavascriptHelper::$params = array JavascriptHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" JavascriptHelper::$plugin = NULL JavascriptHelper::$data = NULL JavascriptHelper::$namedArgs = NULL JavascriptHelper::$argSeparator = NULL JavascriptHelper::$validationErrors = NULL JavascriptHelper::$__tainted = NULL JavascriptHelper::$__cleaned = NULL JavascriptHelper::$_log = NULL $form = FormHelper FormHelper::$helpers = array FormHelper::$fieldset = array FormHelper::$__options = array FormHelper::$fields = array FormHelper::$requestType = "post" FormHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" FormHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" FormHelper::$themeWeb = NULL FormHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" FormHelper::$params = array FormHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" FormHelper::$plugin = NULL FormHelper::$data = NULL FormHelper::$namedArgs = NULL FormHelper::$argSeparator = NULL FormHelper::$validationErrors = NULL FormHelper::$tags = array FormHelper::$__tainted = NULL FormHelper::$__cleaned = NULL FormHelper::$_log = NULL FormHelper::$Html = HtmlHelper object $fck = FckHelper FckHelper::$helpers = array FckHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" FckHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" FckHelper::$themeWeb = NULL FckHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" FckHelper::$params = array FckHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" FckHelper::$plugin = NULL FckHelper::$data = NULL FckHelper::$namedArgs = NULL FckHelper::$argSeparator = NULL FckHelper::$validationErrors = NULL FckHelper::$tags = array FckHelper::$__tainted = NULL FckHelper::$__cleaned = NULL FckHelper::$_log = NULL FckHelper::$Javascript = JavascriptHelper object $text = TextHelper TextHelper::$helpers = NULL TextHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" TextHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" TextHelper::$themeWeb = NULL TextHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" TextHelper::$params = array TextHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" TextHelper::$plugin = NULL TextHelper::$data = NULL TextHelper::$namedArgs = NULL TextHelper::$argSeparator = NULL TextHelper::$validationErrors = NULL TextHelper::$tags = array TextHelper::$__tainted = NULL TextHelper::$__cleaned = NULL TextHelper::$_log = NULL $session = SessionHelper SessionHelper::$helpers = NULL SessionHelper::$__active = true SessionHelper::$valid = false SessionHelper::$error = false SessionHelper::$_userAgent = "" SessionHelper::$path = "/" SessionHelper::$lastError = NULL SessionHelper::$security = NULL SessionHelper::$time = 1745986954 SessionHelper::$sessionTime = false SessionHelper::$watchKeys = array SessionHelper::$id = NULL SessionHelper::$_log = NULL SessionHelper::$base = "/chi/index.php" SessionHelper::$webroot = "/chi/app/webroot/" SessionHelper::$here = "/chi/index.php/NewsCats/showNewsDetail/11" SessionHelper::$params = array SessionHelper::$action = "showNewsDetail" SessionHelper::$data = NULL SessionHelper::$themeWeb = NULL SessionHelper::$plugin = NULL $titleIndex = array( "products_cats" => "產品介紹", "teachers_cats" => "教學資源", "learnings_cats" => "學習資源", "news_cats" => "第二版教學資源通訊", "NewsCats" => "第二版教學資源通訊", "videos_cats" => "影視室", "challenges_cats" => "挑戰角", "contacts" => "聯絡我們", "sitemaps" => "網站地圖", "online_evas" => "網上評估" ) $linkTitle = array( "首頁", "第二版教學資源通訊" ) $linkItem = array( "/frontend/index", "/NewsCats/showlist", "/NewsCats/showDetail/2" ) $sl = array( "NewsCat" => array( "id" => "10", "sort" => "4", "title" => "第二版新21世紀化學教學資源", "icon" => null, "display" => "1", "description" => "<p>第二版新21世紀化學教學資源</p>", "created" => "2014-08-17 03:58:41", "modified" => "2014-08-17 03:59:06" ) )
array_push($linkItem, "/".$this->params['controller']."/showDetail/".$cat_id);if (isset($sl[$this->params['models'][0]]['title']))array_push($linkTitle,$title);
include - APP/views/elements/breadcrumb.ctp, line 49 View::_render() - CORE/cake/libs/view/view.php, line 654 View::element() - CORE/cake/libs/view/view.php, line 339 include - APP/views/news_cats/show_news_detail.ctp, line 16 View::_render() - CORE/cake/libs/view/view.php, line 654 View::render() - CORE/cake/libs/view/view.php, line 372 Controller::render() - CORE/cake/libs/controller/controller.php, line 744 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/cake/dispatcher.php, line 262 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/cake/dispatcher.php, line 213 require - APP/webroot/index.php, line 90 [main] - CORE/index.php, line 63
蘋果褐變Q︰你知道如何延緩或防止切開的蘋果的表面變成啡色嗎？
我們都知道，蘋果切開後，表面很快會變成啡色，這是因為蘋果含有一種稱為多酚氧化酶的酵素。當蘋果被切開後，這種酵素會與空氣中的氧接觸，把蘋果內的一些物質氧化，生成一種啡色色素―黑色素。因此我們會看到蘋果的表面呈啡色。要延緩或防止該氧化反應發生，可用以下的方法︰
1. 烹調熱可減低該酵素的活性，阻止酵素性褐變發生。
2. 把切開的蘋果浸在水中
這可減少蘋果與空氣接觸的機會，延緩氧化反應發生。
3. 在切開的蘋果的表面加上酸性果汁（例如檸檬汁）
該酵素的作用會受pH值影響，在pH值為6.0至8.0的範圍內最能發揮其效用，而當pH值低於3.0時，它幾乎完全失效。由於檸檬汁的pH值約為2.3，把檸檬汁滴在蘋果的表面可大大減低酵素的活性，防止酵素性褐變發生。
4. 選用高度抗腐蝕性的餐具
由於鐵可增加蘋果褐變的速率和範圍，所以應避免使用已生銹的刀來切開蘋果。
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